Soil water potential with transparent and black mulches and NPP continued to be more than −10 kPa until early March. NPP covering on bare ground increased soil temperature by 2.1 ☌ compared with no treatment. Mean daily air temperatures during transplanting and root establishment were 2.6 ☌ higher during the 2015/2016 growing season compared with the 2016/2017 season. NPP was used to cover all plots on 1 Dec., and it was removed on 28 Feb. Treatments included main plots containing different mulch types (transparent plastic mulch, black plastic mulch, or bare ground), subplots with different transplanting times (20 Oct., 5 Nov., and 20 Nov.), and sub-subplots containing two onion cultivars (Sunpower and Katamaru). Field experiments were conducted using a split-split plot design with three replicates. This study evaluated the effects of a nonwoven polypropylene (NPP) covering during overwintering with different mulch types and transplant times on bulb onion growth and yield of intermediate-day onions ( Allium cepa L.) during the 017 growing seasons.
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